What is the consequence of decreased glomerular filtration rate?

• A. Increased urine output
• B. Fluid retention
• C. Improved toxin removal
• D. Enhanced nutrient uptake

Answer: (B)

Decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) leads to fluid retention because the kidneys are less able to filter and eliminate excess fluids and waste products from the bloodstream. Normally, a healthy GFR allows for the effective removal of fluid and solutes, maintaining homeostasis in the body's fluid balance. When the GFR is reduced, the kidneys retain more fluid, resulting in increased blood volume and potential swelling (edema) due to the accumulation of fluids in the tissues. This retention further complicates any pre-existing conditions such as hypertension or heart failure, as the body struggles to manage fluid levels effectively.

The other options, such as increased urine output, improved toxin removal, and enhanced nutrient uptake, do not align with the physiological consequences observed with reduced GFR. Instead, a decreased GFR would typically correlate with reduced urine output and impaired clearance of waste products, rather than effective removal or enhanced nutrient absorption.